Health Care Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human services Reform - Essay Example Lawyers speaking to the territory of Missouri assert that 71.4% of voters in this state are not on the side of this demonstration. Among disappointed voters are the older people accepting medicare. Under current laws barring the section of the Health Care Art old people fit the bill for particular projects because of their age. The Health Care Act will dispense with a considerable lot of these projects leaving seniors to pay huge sums for social insurance administrations. Virginia lawyers in a different claim guarantee the Health Care Act expects people to buy medical coverage inclusion or pay extra premiums. With the decision left between paying extra premiums and old people compelled to make up for medicare benefits/programs lost numerous people are thinking about how they will endure monetarily. As indicated by Glover(2010), A lady disclosed to Lauer she needs to settle on a choice every month on whether to make the house installment or physician endorsed drugs. We shouldn't must have those circumstances going, she said (pp. 16). Under the new reconstruction of this demonstration people that don't buy medical coverage will be required to take care of a yearly punishment of $695.00 leaving numerous people disappointed. Anyway disappointments stretch out past these two states. Separate claims have been recorded in twenty-one states asserting established rights are in infringement.

European-English language Essay Example for Free

European-English language Essay As Ammon Ulrich puts it, the English language is the most neighborly dialects on the planet due to its character for being available to different dialects (2002). The English language acknowledges words and articulations from different dialects. It even acquires the local words and articulations of certain nations. Such hospitability of the English language can be demonstrated by speaking to the historical underpinnings found in some English expressions (Algeo Pyles 2004). However, he contended that such hospitability doesn't involve humbleness. Truth be told, he contended that the English language has begun to rule the world by making the world acclimated with utilize and communicate in the English language (Ammon 2002). The sixteenth, seventeenth and the eighteenth century flagged the ascent of the English language in Europe (Anderman Rogers 2005). These periods denoted the faultless impact of the English language in the European developments. Due to exchanges and transportation organizations, it was said that Europe had progressively uncovered themselves on the English language (Phillipson 2003). The nineteenth century made practically the entirety of the European dialects to have particular liking with the English language similarly the European dialects incorporate vocabularies and terms that were gotten from the English language (Anderman Rogers 2005). In the twentieth century, England played a critical job in growing the impact of the English language in the entire European district. Due to social relations, monetary exchanges, and worldwide correspondences, English had genuinely entered Europe. There was this blended European and English language †mix of structures, terms, articulations and styles of the two dialects (Anderman Rogers 2005). In any case, in this period, English doesn't have any exceptional spot in European nations. It isn't viewed as an official language by other European nations (Phillipson 2003). Despite the fact that there are a few nations which utilized English as their local language. There are nations in Europe which are restricted with interpreting records and reports from their local language into English (Ammon 2002). Bilingualism is permitted in the European area (Phillipson 2003). In any case; European nations don't feel that making the English language as their official language would roll out noteworthy improvement for them. Subsequently, they will not think about interpretations of papers, official archives and presentations into the English language. There are isolated versions and issues of magazines that are printed and distributed in English (Ammon 2002). As indicated by the European Union, however the English language has really demonstrated its significance in universal business and correspondence, it doesn't really imply that they would passionately receive it (Anderman Rogers 2005). What happened is that, European nations, along with their societies, recreated the English language with their own local language. For instance, the blend of French and English is called Franglais. The mix of German and English is Denglish, Spanish and English is Spanglish, Dutch and English is Nederengels (Anderman Rogers 2005). Other than this reproduction or the blending of European dialects and the English language, the European Union reports that despite the fact that the English language is key factor in business correspondence, nearby societies and correspondence ought to be first thought of. Subsequently, English is just viewed as a customary language utilized and spoken by the individuals in Europe (Stavans 2002). Crawford’s â€Å"Heritage Languages in America: Tapping a ‘Hidden’ Resource† English Language is known as the official language of America (Crawford 1999). All the conditions of America utilize and talk about it. There is nothing of the sort as local language aside from the way that America has been restrained by numerous others with various nationalities and societies (Cheshire 2007). It is labeled as the mixture of the world. Consequently, it is unquestionable that each endeavor to draw close to it would mean uncovering oneself from the exceptionally compelling intensity of the American culture including the utilization of the English language (Crawford 1999). As indicated by James Crawford, it is inescapable that the world would twist around the English language (1999). Obviously, one can't get by in the universal scene without realizing how to talk and get English. As more than once referenced in this paper, worldwide correspondence requires the English language (Crystal 2003). He worried in his contentions his dispute to those nations which attempt to set up an enemy of bilingual crusade (Crawford 1999). It is to be noticed that there are truly bills and laws that are as of now against the utilization of English as a subsequent language. He saw no legitimate explanation behind pushing such crusade. American individuals respect and perceive the job of the English language. They perceive how it fundamentally influences their lives and the world. Regardless of how the English language is diversely utilized and spoken by various nations on the planet, almost certainly that it pushes the world to take huge jumps with respect to innovative, logical, political and generally monetary progressions. English language-strategy framework in America is outfitted towards the unification of local clans and gatherings with the entire of America (Johnson, 2000). It doesn't generally subvert or incapacitate local dialects. It fills in as the key weapon in improving the lives of the individuals, and causing them to understand that the world is truly moving towards modernization and globalization. It is extremely unlikely that the English language would not influence the worldwide relations of the world (Cheshire 2007). In any case, as per James Crawford, it doesn't suggest that different dialects would be tossed good and gone. He demanded that local dialects ought to be tied up with the local dialects in order to protect the way of life and legacy of specific areas and gatherings in America while putting forth attempts to propel the personal satisfaction they have (Crawford 1999). End The English Language can't generally possess by one country. Truth be told it isn't solely claimed by any one. It is a consultant language which will in general be available to every one of that needs a typical mode for specific and explicit reason. The examination considers introduced in this paper demonstrates that the English language has truly infiltrated the universal scene †leaving either positive or negative impacts. All the more along these lines, its development occurred amidst reactions and restrictions against it. China, Japan, Europe and America conceded that the English language altogether partakes in each change of the world. It is a powerful language which permits the absorption and consideration of pretty much every different dialects and culture. Bilingualism might be viewed as issue or danger for other people. In any case, bilingualism opens the entryway for better correspondence. References: Algeo, J. , Pyles, T 2004, The Origins and Development of the English Language (fifth ed. ), Heinle. Ammon, U 2002, English As An Academic Language In Europe: A Survey Of Its Use In Teachin,. Subside Lang Publishing. Anderman, G. M. , Rogers, M 2005, In And Out Of English: For Better, For Worse? (Interpreting Europe, Multilingual Matters Limited. Brownell, J. A1967, Japans second language;: A basic investigation of the English language program in the Japanese optional schools during the 1960s, National Council of Teachers of English. Burchfield, R 2003, The English Language,. Oxford University Press. Burnley, D 2000, The History of the English Language: A Source Book (second ed. ), Longman. Cheshire, J 2007, English around the globe: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press. Cheshire, Jenny 1991, Introduction: sociolinguistics and English around the globe, In Cheshire: 1-12. Crane, M 2004, English as a Second Language, Grand Central Publishing . Crawford, J 1999, Heritage Languages in America Retrieved July 2007, 2007 from http://ourworld. compuserve. com/landing pages/JWCRAWFORD/HL. htm Crystal, D 2003, English as a Global Language (second ed. ), Cambridge University Press. Fennell, B. A 2001, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approac,. Blackwell Publishing Limited. Gorlach, M. 1991, Studies in Varieties of English around the globe, 1984-1988, Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Graddol, D 1996. The History of the English Language (First ed. ), Routledge. Hamers, Josiane F. Blanc, Michel H. A 1989, Bilinguality and Bilingualism, Cambridge: CUP. Johnson, F. L 2000, Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States, Sage Publications, Inc . Kachru, B. B 1992, The Other Tongue: ENGLISH ACROSS CULTURES (second ed. ), University of Illinois Press. Kahcru, Braj B 1986, â€Å"The force and legislative issues of English†. In World Englishes, Vol. 5, No. 2/3: 121-140. Liu, J 2007, English Language Teaching in China: New Approaches, Perspectives and Standard, Continuum International Publishing Group. Marciamo 2005, Japan more pleasing to English speakers than to speakers of different dialects, Retrieved July 28, 2007 from Japan Reference: http://www. jref. com/language/english_friendly_japan. shtml McMillan, R. R 1999, English as the Second Official Language in Japan? Recovered July 28, 2007, from Garden City Life: http://www.antonnews. com/gardencitylife/1999/12/17/assessment/Pennycook, Alastair 1994, The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language, Harlow: Longman Group Ltd. Phillipson, R 2003, English-Only Europe? : Challenging Language Policy (First ed. ), Routledge. Porcaro, J. W 2002, â€Å"Translating writing and learning society. (showing English as an unknown dialect in Japan†, Academic Exchange Quarterly , 6 (4), p. 113. Ross, H. A 1993 China Learns English: Language Teaching and Social Change in the People's Republic, Yale University Press. Saito, T. , Nakamura, J. , Yamazaki, S 2002, English

Green Computing Research Project Part 2 Case Study

Green Computing Research Project Part 2 - Case Study Example The organization will require a well working system that will empower the two IT experts to keep up and actualize the framework by counseling Christian at the code organization. This will require them to communicate and cooperate by testing the codes of the application and guaranteeing that the application will be running with no issue. Similarity will likewise be required by utilizing the necessary printing programming that will be introduced in the PCs when the clients need to filter their checks. By examining the best printing machines the organization needs to contact DevAn Consultants for them select the best machines required for the venture. This will be done while searching for the best market of the printing machines and considering the sort of utilizations that will be utilized in the framework. The filtering venture will empower the clients in the organization to have a simple chance to speak with the organization by sending their data and checks to the organization by examining their records. This has been a solicitation that has been made by numerous individuals of the clients with the goal for them to maintain a strategic distance from uncertainty and spare time. As expressed early, the clients will examine their checks and archives at that point send them to the organization by filling in their own data that will be ensured by the company’s security. Every client is required to send the data from anyplace gave the individual gets to the web. For a client to have the option to utilize the administration, the individual will initially fill in the necessary data for the exchange to be effective. Before the examining begins the organization must guarantee that there is a system for the clients to get to the company’s site. This will likewise be joined by the security the organization is to give to the clients. This incorporates establishment of support programming and the security assurance framework in the company’s framework. Model is the counter infection which will shield the organization site from any malware

Deontology Definition Essay Example for Free

Deontology Definition Essay While Deontology has its attractions it neglects to give a dependable establishment to moral dynamic Examine and assess this case (30) Deontology depends on the activities of an individual, not the results. The word deontology is gotten from the Greek word deontos. It was created by Immanuel Kant and it is an absolutist from the earlier hypothesis, the expression from the earlier methods it is understandable through experience and absolutist methods there are fixed standards that can't be changed. This implies Kant accepted the obligation of the ethical law was unchangeable and through experience, if everybody kept these guidelines the world would be a superior spot. Immanuel Kant composed Critique of Pure explanation in this book he concocted his deontological hypothesis of obligation. He trusted it is the obligation of one to keep the ethical law and not judge circumstances with sentiments, tendency, love and sympathy. Kant additionally accepted that all people look for best which is the state when all human righteousness and joy are joined together. To help individuals on their approach to moral choice Immanuel Kant contrived the absolute objective, this is rather than the speculative goal. The speculative basic typically begins sentence with an if for example on the off chance that you wish to finish a decent paper you should invest energy in it, where as an unmitigated basic reveals to you that you ought to accomplish something, for example you should brush your teeth toward the beginning of the day. This at that point was conceived into three distinct standards on the best way to carry on with your life; The Universal Law, Treat Humans as Ends in Themselves and Act as though you live in a Kingdom of Ends. Kants second rule in the straight out goal, So act that you treat mankind, both in your own individual and in the individual of each other person, never just as a methods, yet consistently simultaneously as an end This shows it could be an alluring hypothesis as it means well as a main priority. In the same way as other hypotheses, Deontology has its qualities and shortcomings. One of its fundamental qualities is that it is an absolutist hypothesis. This implies it is either naturally positive or negative, for example try not to submit murder. This is a significant quality as it makes a simple hypothesis individuals to follow. This may draw in individuals towards the hypothesis as it demonstrates rules to follow which a few people may depend on to settle on their ethical dynamic. Another motivation behind why it might pull in individuals is on the grounds that the guidelines are fixed so they don't need to scrutinize the principles whether they are correct or wrong them simply need to obey them keeping them in an agreeable position. This makes the hypothesis handy in regular use and individuals can rely on the hypothesis likewise there is no compelling reason to do any counts. Anyway there are many clashing perspectives to this quality. One of them is the way individuals can get dependant on the hypothesis. In the event that they become to dependant upon the hypothesis and it doesn't help them in a circumstance on moral dynamic they may battle to consider what to do straightaway. WD Ross formulated the thought of by all appearances obligations, this implies first appearance. This is the point at which we follow our obligation except if there is an abrogating commitment, for example lying to cause somebody to feel great about them self. This conflicts with the rule of obligation as you should not lie yet you could contend that you will feel ethically great about yourself in the event that you cause someone else to feel great. In this manner this doesn't help is good dynamic as you have clashing obligations. Solidarity to this hypothesis is that equity is consistently the total. This implies just naturally right activities are represented. This can be seen with Kants articulation of positive attitude. it is difficult to imagine anything at all on the planet, or even out of it, which can be taken as acceptable without capability, aside from positive attitude. This shows just positive attitude is the main acceptable we can accomplish from the world. By equity being an outright it implies that you can't legitimize unethical activities. This is alluring in light of the fact that it shows that by following this hypothesis you won't act unmorally and you will have the option to arrive at that best as you are satisfied with acceptable deeds. By not having the option to do any characteristically terrible activities this will cause individuals to feel it is a solid hypothesis in such a case that you keep these set standards you won't hurt someone else. In spite of the fact that it looks for equity, it doesn't look for the wellbeing of the larger part, this implies the minority may feel that equity has been done yet then again the dominant part may feel that equity has not been served. By and by I feel by satisfying the lion's share I will wind up with a superior result on the grounds that there will more prominent satisfaction, this connections in with Utilitarianism and the best delight over the best agony. Another motivation behind why this hypothesis is imperfect is the best. The best is a definitive satisfaction yet it must be accomplished by having an undying soul as it can't be accomplished in the lifetime. This shows joins with religion, despite the fact that Kant dismissed religious contentions with the presence of God. This strikes an issue in light of the fact that not every person has confidence in God so how might you follow the hypothesis on the off chance that you don't put stock in his reality. At long last it is to legalistic in light of the fact that it expect everybody is a decent individual, individuals have various aims so by accepting everybody has the goal of equity isn't right. To see whether is truly fails these reliabilities; we need to contrast the qualities and the shortcomings. A shortcoming to the hypothesis is that there are no restrictions to what can be universalised. This is on the grounds that in one people perspective something may appear to be splendidly fine to another people perspective, for example a constantly discouraged individual. They may feel self destruction is splendidly satisfactory. This connections in with the principal law of the all out objective Try not to follow up on any rule that can't be universalised. This implies moral laws ought to be considered into all circumstances. Again this isn't right since who is to state one right activity is another people right activity, this settles on it entirely inconsistent with moral dynamic. Notwithstanding in the event that you consider what the lion's share feel isn't right or right you could arrive at a resolution on all inclusive standards. This can be seen with rules, for example, don't submit murder as a great many people don't endure that and it is sheltered to state they don't concur with it. At long last another shortcoming is that Immanuel Kant begins to contend presently is to be done however what should be done, this is known as the Naturalistic Fallacy. This is a shortcoming since it causes individuals to feel as he is in charge and he is determining what ought to and shouldnt be finished. This is a shortcoming since Kant has distinctive concurrence on ethics to another understanding, again he is expecting the majority will concur with this strategy making questionable. By Kant saying what should be done he is demonstrating what he feels is naturally acceptable and that may fluctuate from another. Then again by Kant saying he should rather than is, it shows he is setting down standard procedures and a few people may like this as they will have rules to follow making it an appealing and solid good dynamic hypothesis.

General Law of Contract Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the General Law of Contract. Answer: Presentation Agreement lawis a significant field for any and each business, independent of its scale and the business in which the business works. All together for the organizations to direct their business effectively, it becomes pivotal that the contractlaw is appropriately followed, as almost every part of business requires an agreement to be formed[1]. Electronic Transaction Act, 1999[2], short for ETA is a significant bit of enactment where the various parts of contractlaw combine and through which, various guidelines for the advanced advertising are introduced. In the accompanying parts, a conversation has been conveyed in which thegeneral law of agreement has been talked about. Aside from this, the various parts of ETA, which can be appropriate on the matter of Thelonious have been talked about and have been applied, in order to indisputably give a guidance to the customer. General Law of Contract An agreement means that a guarantee has been made between at least two gatherings, in which one side pays the thought and the opposite side embraces the condition for which the guarantee has been made.[3] An agreement can be made by putting down the terms on a paper and getting them marked from both the contracting parties, which would bring about a composed agreement; or just by trading the terms in an oral way, making a verbal agreement. For the arrangement of agreement, there is a need to have the components of offer, acknowledgment, clearness, thought, aim and limit. On the off chance that even one of these components is absent, an agreement can't be formed[4]. The initial move towards making an agreement is the offer. One gathering brings to the table a few terms based on which the guarantee is made, to the next party[5]. It is essential to separate between an encouragement to treat and an offer. The previous means the point of the gatherings to begin with the arrangements for the agreement and the last demonstrates the point of the gatherings to be limited by the contract[6]. At the point when the products are shown on the shop window, they are a challenge to treat as was expressed in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots[7] and the offer is possibly made when the individual picks the merchandise and takes it to the clerk for charging. Thus, based in plain view, the retailer isn't committed to sell the item. The adverts in the paper are likewise taken to be greeting to treat, as was broadly held in Partridge v Crittenden[8]. In any case, with regards to a one-sided offer made in the paper, as was held in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company[9], which can be acknowledged through execution, it is considered that an offer has been made rather than a challenge to treat. The subsequent stage which must be taken for the making of any agreement is the acknowledgment. The acknowledgment must be taken on the offer which was made and by the person to whom the offer was made[10]. The acknowledgment must be appropriately correspondence and a quietness isn't an acknowledgment and the well known case of this is Felthouse v Bindley[11]. It is significant that while imparting the acknowledgment, the offer is acknowledged in the specific way in which it was made, without adjusting or modifying it. At the point when the correspondence has changed or adjusted term, it is considered as counter proposal as was broadly settled in Hyde v. Wrench[12]. What's more, this would imply that the first offer is terminated. The date of acknowledgment, according to the general acknowledgment decides gives that the acknowledgment date is such date on which the contribution party accomplishes the correspondence of acknowledgment sent by the tolerant party. In any case, a key exemption to this standard is the postal guidelines of acknowledgment. According to postal standards, the acknowledgment date is the date of posting the acknowledgment letter and the getting date of this letter is unessential. The reason behind this is thinking about the postal office as the specialist of the contribution party[13]. A main case wherein the legitimacy of the postal standards of acknowledgment was maintained was the situation of Adams v. Lindsell[14], whereby the court expressed that the agreement was enforceable. However, when an outsider reacts to such correspondence and send the acknowledgment, the date of receipt is the date of acknowledgment rather than the sending date, according to the instance of Leach Nominees P ty Ltd v Walter Wright Pty Ltd[15]. Thought is one increasingly key component in contract arrangement, without which, the agreement is announced as invalid. A thought isn't required to be satisfactory and simply must be adequate. What's more, it is additionally significant that thought moves from the promisee[16]. The measure of thought is commonly settled on the gatherings. What's more, if the thought doesn't have financial worth, it makes the thought invalid, as was held in White v Bluett[17]. Another necessity for framing the agreement is for the gatherings to have a goal of going into legal relation[18]. The gatherings likewise need to have the authoritative limit, regarding being of lawful age and sound brain. Ultimately, the terms on which the agreement is based must be exceptionally clear for a substantial agreement to be formed[19]. Electronic Transaction Act A key bit of enactment which is appropriate on the advanced agreements is the ETA. The electronic agreements are contracts shaped through electronic methods. Under these, the offer and acknowledgment are made through messages. Every ward in the country has its own adaptation of ETA, which is indistinguishable from the ETA of commonwealth[20]. Area 14 identifies with the date of sending the offer and acknowledgment, which is lined up with the postal principles of acknowledgment. The date on which the correspondence is sent from the gadget of the sender is appropriately considered as the date of offer or acceptance[21]. Segment 15 of ETA gives that the correspondence gets authoritative on the maker of the electronic correspondence in such circumstance where the authority is acquired from the maker or was sent by the maker of such communication[22]. Area 10 forces a commitment of signature[23]. This area gives that in such situations where mark is a necessity, the condition would be considered as been met when the solid strategy has been chosen for such communication[24]. For example, the programmed inclusion of email headers, in Mehta V J Pereira Fernandes S.A [25] was taken to be a problematic technique for the marking of a document[26]. The legitimacy to the electronic agreements is given through area 19 of this act[27]. Examination and Application There are various subtleties that Thelonious would need to remember for framing the agreements internet, inferable from his day of work towards an advanced stage. Especially when he needs to take up the online deals and set the site up, certain key components of the agreement law must be remembered, alongside the appropriateness of the ETA. Just like the case with notices in the papers, the adverts on the web are considered as greeting to treat. This can be derived from the instances of Kodak and Amazon UK, where the costs were wrongly publicized and the court in both the cases maintained the adverts as greeting to treat. The goal is likewise considered for making the agreements through online mode. The Supreme Court on account of Stellard Pty Ltd Anor v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd[28] held that the term had been exposed to the agreement; anyway the offer and acknowledgment comprised of various rounds of telephonic discussion and messages. Also, this direct portrayed the aim of the gatherings to shape an agreement; consequently prompting a substantial agreement being framed for this situation. So as to shape an electronic agreement, there is a requirement for an unmistakable notification to be given to the client and to give that the agreement law is pertinent. Further, there is a requirement for an unmistakable articulation to show what might be regarded as an acknowledgment of the understanding. Furthermore, ultimately, the buyer must be given an opportunity for exploring the terms and state of the understanding, before the agreement gets enforceable on them. There are two key types of electronic agreements. Also, these incorporate the navigate and the peruse wrap. The peruse wrap understandings have the terms and conditions at various page, which are gotten to through a hyperlink[29]. The navigate understandings is the most well-known sort of electronic agreements and in these an individual needs to look down through the whole terms and states of a specific understanding and the acknowledgment to this understanding is given by tapping on a tick box or a catch which is put at the base of the understanding all together for the equivalent to be changed into an enforceable agreement. In a navigate understanding, the understandings terms and conditions are acknowledged by essentially tapping on the I Accept or a comparative symbol. This is an end client understanding which as a rule accompanies the product canvassed in the plastic wrapping. The court held that by tapping on Accept symbol, which was given toward the finish of the legally bindi ng terms, in of DeJohn v The TV Corporation International, et al.[30], the offended party had gone into the agreement. In this manner, it is pivotal for Thelonious to keep additional consideration when drawing up the site and choosing one of these two techniques. Explicit Advice The precedent-based law of agreement and the ETA summed up above, alongside the various parts of the electronic agreements and the way where these two can be framed draw out a reasonable guidance for Thelonious. Thelonious is required to give a key consideration to every one of these laws and settle on educated decisions, and present the equivalent to his clients, especially when they need to shape the electronic agreement by only tapping on a catch. The clients must be plainly educated that by tapping on such catch, an electronic agreement would be shaped, which would tie them in a legitimate way. The key idea here that the offer and acknowledgment must be gotten and the brains must be met of the buyer and of Thelonious, with the goal that an I

APB Artists Against Police Brutality

APB Artists Against Police Brutality Taken at face value, Rosarium Publishing’s graphic novel anthology APB: Artists Against Police Brutality can be viewed as a graphical continuation of the ongoing (and often one-sided) conversation between victims of police violence and the criminal justice system. And if you, knowing this, were to judge APB at face value, you would not be disappointed. The anguish and desperation and anger of these artists and writers pulses from the page. Bill Campbell, Editor of APB: Artists Against Police Brutality and CEO of Rosarium Publishing, says in the foreword that APB is a project “borne out of anger” and that it seeks to “further the dialogueperhaps change a mind or two” on this sensitive, deadly subject. If you were, however, to look deeper at this anthology, at each page, each panel and each lovingly rendered expression of fearful eyes or hands held high, you’d notice that APB calls for more than a dialogue or conversation. By using these powerful black and white comics to present the stories, true and fictional, of those caught in the war between law enforcement officials and certain segments of the public, APB calls for a reckoning. Each panel and paragraph in this anthology attempts to hold our justice system accountable for its life-threatening choiceswhile attempting to show us the its effects of its choices on the lives of its victims. Breakdowns by Robert Love, Finishes by John Jennings APB: Artists Against Police Brutality continues the tradition of using comics as a tool of social justice, featuring a combination of graphic narratives, traditional essays, personal accounts, and short fiction. Ashley Woods’ “Family Portrait”, a dedication to some of the most prominent recent victims of police violence, kicks off the volume, and it doesn’t slow down from there. Fans of Rosarium’s other titles will notice art from Keef Cross and John Jennings in the anthology. APB also features art from Jerry Craft, creator of Mama’s Boyz, Lalo Alacraz, Stacey Robinson, and Melanie Stevens. Essays from Ytasha Womack, Jennifer Marie Brissett, Sofia Samatar, and Phenderson Djèlí Clark are thoughtful segues between the comics. Art by Charles Feterholf Each piece in the anthology brings a uniquely personal perspective to the crisis at hand. Brandon Hankins’ “Split” presents the stark difference in black and white childhoods under the specter of police violence. Keith Miller and Chuck Collins’ “Floater”, is a futuristic, dystopian take on systemic racism and xenophobia. Avy Jetter’s “Pull it Up From The Roots,” is a frenetic, explosive account of a singular instance of violence. Ka Yan Cheung’s “Dear Brother,” serves to center the law enforcement perspective in a different light. Pin-ups from Christa Cassano and Charles Fetherholf give quick shots of their takes on what these issues mean to them, how we’ve been trained to deal with them, and how we can solve them. Art by Melanie Stevens By the end of APB: Artists Against Police Brutality, Campbell and the rest of the Rosarium editors say that they hope to change your minds. The bodies and violence on display in the book are a visceral attempt at showing you the impact of this violence on individuals and communities, but again, if you look deeper, you will see that APB is also a love letterto the victims of said violence, of course, but it’s also a direct attempt at convincing oppressive systems that victims and potential victims are worthy of love, respect, and compassionl. APB: Artists Against Police Brutality presents a sorely needed soapbox for those who are directly affected by this issue. Perhaps we should give them a listen. (note: proceeds from APB: Artists Against Police Brutality will go to benefit The Innocence Project.) Correction: This post originally attributed the last piece of art was attributed to Takeia Marie, which was incorrect. The correct artist is Melanie Stevens.

Organic Compounds - Free Essay Example

Organic compound From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Methane is one of the simplest organic compoundsAn organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon such as diamond and graphite, are considered inorganic. The distinction between organic and inorganic carbon compounds, while useful in organizing the vast subject of chemistry s somewhat arbitrary. [1] Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds. Organic synthesis is the methodology of their preparation. Contents [hide] 1 History 1. 1 Vitalism 1. 2 Modern classification 2 Classification 2. 1 Natural compounds 2. 2 Synthetic compounds 3 Nomenclature 4 Databases 5 Structure determination 6 See also 7 References 8 External links [edit] History [edit] Vitalism The name organic is historical, dating back to the 1st century. [citation needed] For many centuries, Western alchemists believed in vitalism. This is the theory that certain compounds could only be synthesized from their classical elements — Earth, Water, Air and Fire — by action of a life-force (vis vitalis) possessed only by organisms. Vitalism taught that these organic compounds were fundamentally different from the inorganic compounds that could be obtained from the elements by chemical manipulation. Vitalism survived for a while even after the rise of modern atomic theory and the replacement of the Aristotelian elements by those we know today. It first came under question in 1824, when Friedrich Wohler synthesized oxalic acid, a compound known to occur only in living organisms, from cyanogen. [citation needed] A more decisive experiment was Wohlers 1828 synthesis of urea from the inorganic salts potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate. Urea h ad long been considered to be an organic compound as it was known to occur only in the urine of living organisms. Wohlers experiments were followed by many others, where increasingly complex organic substances were produced from inorganic ones without the involvement of any living organism. citation needed] [edit] Modern classification Even after vitalism had been disproved, the distinction between organic and inorganic compounds has been retained through the present. The modern meaning of organic compound is any one of them that contains a significant amount of carbon even though many of the organic compounds known today have no connection whatsoever with any substance found in living organisms. There is no official definition of an organic compound. Some text books define an organic compound as one containing one or more C-H bonds; others include C-C bonds in the definition. Others state that if a molecule contains carbon it is organic. [2] Even the broader definition of carbo n-containing molecules requires the exclusion of carbon-containing alloys (including steel), a relatively small number of carbon-containing compounds such as metal carbonates and carbonyls, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon and simple carbon halides and sulfides, which are usually considered to be inorganic. The C-H definition excludes compounds which are historically and practically considered to be organic. Neither urea nor oxalic acid are organic by this definition, yet they were two key compounds in the vitalism debate. The IUPAC Blue Book on organic nomenclature specifically mentions urea[3] and oxalic acid. [4] Other compounds lacking C-H bonds that are also traditionally considered to be organic include benzenehexol, mesoxalic acid, and carbon tetrachloride. Mellitic acid, which contains no C-H bonds, is considered to be a possible organic substance in Martian soil. All do, however, contain C-C bonds. [5] The C-H bond only rule al so leads to somewhat arbitrary divisions in sets of carbon-fluorine compounds, as for example Teflon is considered by this rule inorganic but Tefzel organic; similarly many Halons are considered inorganic while the rest are organic. For these and other reasons, most sources consider C-H compounds to be only a subset of organic compounds. To summarize: Most carbon-containing compounds are organic, and most compounds with a C-H bond are organic. Not all organic compounds necessarily contain C-H bonds (e. g. urea). [edit] Classification See Classification of organic compounds Organic compounds may be classified in a variety of ways. One major distinction is between natural and synthetic compounds. Organic compounds can also be classified or subdivided by the presence of heteroatoms, e. g. organometallic compounds which feature bonds between carbon and a metal, and organophosphorus compounds which feature bonds between carbon and a phosphorus. Another distinction, based upon the size of organic compounds, distinguishes between small molecules and polymers. [edit] Natural compounds Natural compounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals. Many of these are still extracted from natural sources because they would be far too expensive to be produced artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, and in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically complicated molecules present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms. Further compounds of prime importance in biochemistry are antigens, carbohydrates, enzymes, hormones, lipids and fatty acids, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and amino acids, lectins, vitamins and fats and oils. edit] Synthetic compounds Compounds that are prepared by reaction of other compounds are referred to as synthetic. They may be either compounds that already are found in plants or animals (semi synthetic compoun ds), or those that do not occur naturally. Most polymers (a category which includes all plastics and rubbers), are organic compounds. [edit] Nomenclature The IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds slightly differs from the CAS nomenclature. [edit] Databases The CAS database is the most comprehensive repository for data on organic compounds. The search tool SciFinder is offered. The Beilstein database contains information on 9. 8 million substances, covers the scientific literature from 1771 to the present, and is today accessible via CrossFire. Structures and a large diversity of physical and chemical properties is available for each substance, with reference to original literature. PubChem contains 18. 4 million entries on compounds and especially covers the field of medicinal chemistry. There is a great number of more specialized databases for diverse branches of organic chemistry. [edit] Structure determination

A Critical Analysis Of The Theory Of Endosymbiosis And It...

A critical analysis of the Theory of Endosymbiosis and it’s supporting evidence Abstract Introduction The endosymbiotic theory is an evolutionary theory explaining the origin of Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic, and is at present; the most widely accepted evolutionary theory of the Eukaryotic cell. The theory explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts and their double membranes, suggesting that chloroplasts and mitochondria represent formerly free-living bacteria that were taken into a cell as an endosymbiont. Molecular evidence suggests that mitochondria developed from proteobacteria and chloroplasts from cyanobacteria. It is thought that the Prokaryotes may have entered the host cell as a parasite or source of nutrient for the host, however avoided digestion. The primitive chloroplast may have provided the host cell with crucial nutrients, and the primitive mitochondrion may have aided the exploitation of oxygen for the extraction of energy. In return the host cell offered a protected environment for the Prokaryotes to live in. This was the beginning of a symbiotic rela tionship between the primitive chloroplast and mitochondria, and the Eukaryotic cell. The theory was ridiculed for years due its controversial nature, however in 1967 Lynn Margulis, a biologist from Boston University, developed the modern Serial Endosymbiosis Theory. Primary Endosymbiosis vs. Secondary Endosymbiosis Primary endosymbiosis involves the engulfment of a bacterium by another

Essay about The Washington Monument - 4283 Words

The Washington Monument The Washington Monument, a memorial structure designed and constructed in the nineteenth century, signifies an important tribute to the prestigious role and achievements of our nation’s founding father. Ideas for such a monument first arose in 1783, by which time â€Å"the fame George Washington, Commanding General and first President of the United States, was assured in the pantheon of statesmen of the world† (1). It was during this year that the Continental Congress proposed an â€Å"equestrian statue† in honor of â€Å"Washington’s services and his unique role in the founding of the new Republic† (1). Despite the project’s popularity with the public, however, little action was taken following†¦show more content†¦Despite the difficulties that were faced during both the planning and construction of the Washington Monument, the impressive tributary obelisk still stands today as one of the nation’s â€Å"noblest architectural structures† (1). Prior to beginning construction in 1848, the government spent nearly seventy years in legislation. Shortly after it was decided in 1783 that an â€Å"equestrian statue† should be erected in honor of George Washington, a French landscape engineer by the name of Major Charles Pierre L’Enfant drew up the first plan for Washington’s future capital, including the statue as â€Å"one of the principal features of the Federal District† (1). The idea resurfaced after the death of George Washington in December of 1799, when a proposal made by U.S. Representative John Marshall suggested the erection of a marble monument under which the founder’s body would be deposited. But Congress could take no immediate action due to conflicting opinions in both the House and Senate and with Washington’s family members: when the House â€Å"appropriated $200, 000 for the construction of †¦ [a] ‘mausoleum of American granite and marble, in pyra midal form 100 feet square at the base and of proportionate height’† (1), the grant was opposed by the Senate and family members (who did not want to move the remains from the site where Washington had specifically asked they be placed). â€Å"Throughout the Nation there was a deep sense of disappointment over theShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Washington Monument991 Words   |  4 PagesThe Washington Monument The most stunning monument in our capital is the Washington Monument. At 555 feet high, it is the tallest such monument in the world. It is an obelisk by shape, yet not a true obelisk because it is not carved out of a single stone. The monument was built at intervals between 1848 and 1885. It memorializes George Washingtons achievements and his devotion to principles and to his country. The Washington Monument has an interesting history. The idea of a monument celebratingRead MoreThe Statue Of Liberty, The Washington Monument901 Words   |  4 Pages Monuments preserve a memory that serves as a reminder of a significant event or person. The Statue of Liberty, the Washington Monument, Bunker Hill Monument— these structures honor and immortalize remarkable occurrences in history, people, or concepts; and when it is time to construct a monument, many aspects of the established memorial need to be planned. Factors a group or agency should consider when memorializing an event or person and in creating a monument is the location, which should be inRead MoreDescriptive Essay On Lost And Found986 Words   |  4 Pagesexperienced once before. One of the most stressful times I have ever been a part of is when I lost my wallet in Washington D.C. It was this event that taught me a lesson about being responsible. As we arrived at the station, my family and I exited the train and headed to ground level. From there we proposed a plan. Our plan for the day was to visit the Lincoln Memorial, Washington Monument, the Capitol Building, and the White House. After my family and I devised our plan, we sought out the LincolnRead MoreThe Story Of My Life924 Words   |  4 PagesThe sun shone high, a little too high. Walking down the path of the Washington Monument in, quite obviously, Washington D.C., the Lincoln memorial looked bigger of an obstacle than my friends and I had thought itd be. I made a grand mistake of wearing a heavy shirt; sweat was dripping in torrents down my neck. Elli and Kennedie, my greatest friends who always remained faithful, were walking somewhat a few paces in front of me. The heat was very unbearable, but Ellis mom, who lagged behind me moreRead MoreShort Story : The Story Of The World 3079 Words   |  13 PagesOkay, so because Dak has the power to transform shapes of thi ngs and people, he has made each of us a tent in a part of Washington only we know about. Were going to have to stay here and plan until we stop Cassius because this is the most vulnerable part of the nation: the countrys capital, Violet explained as she lead me to my tent. I noticed once we got past the trees and rocks and into the hiding place that the tents were divided by color. The five on the left were green, the five on theRead MoreThe Liberty Bell, Washington Monument, The Bald Eagle918 Words   |  4 PagesThe symbols of this great nation are many. The Liberty Bell, Washington Monument, the Bald Eagle, the White House, and the document that is the foundation on which this country is built, the Constitution of the United States. 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Although it was a National Park it was still not frequently visited, and only had, approximately, 44,173 visitorsRead MoreThe Statue Of Liberty936 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout centuries, architecture and monuments have given America the name it has today. Some of the oldest forms of art made on American soil hundreds of years ago are what is cherished dearly today. There are over a hundred different statues alone in the US that near and dear to us all but thousands forms of art that makes Americans proud to be called American. United States is a place that underwent plenty of struggles and monumental milestones to make it the powerful land it has become todayRead MoreHonoring The Veterans Essays1403 Words   |  6 Pag esHonoring the Veterans What is Honor Flight? It is an amazing organization that honors World War II and Korean veterans. The veterans go to Washington D.C. to see their monuments for an entire day and some even go for multiple days. The veterans finally get to see the monuments that were built for them. The Korean War memorial, the World War II memorial, and the beginning of Honor Flight all have a great story. Honor Flight is one the widest known organization that is dedicated to veterans. HonorRead MoreMaya Lin Vietnam Veterans Memorial Analysis1276 Words   |  6 Pagesand angered many people. Since them, works and designs she has created for competitions have been mainly memorials and remembrances based on historical events. Her works are intended to use the natural texture and geology of the space around the monument to its advantage in its creation. 2. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, a non-profit organization, began collecting private funds and donations to create a memorial. Over 8 million dollars were raised. A site was picked near the Lincoln Memorial

Outline Of The Oklahoma City Bombing - 1665 Words

Muskan Hossain American Terror: The Oklahoma City Bombing cements terrorism into the minds of citizens Thesis: Due to the Oklahoma City Bombing, U.S. citizens are corrected of their stereotypical thoughts towards terrorism; Terrorists aren’t commonly Muslims or foreign enemies. I. Overview II. The significance of the Oklahoma City Bombing A. Controversies that arose B. Questions thought and asked by the citizens C. Impact towards the Federal Government D. How it shook the illusion held by many Americans of a nation safe from the political unrest and terrorism outside its borders (an illusion that would be shattered for good on 9/11). III. Addressing an argument from the opposing viewpoint (Not all Muslims were†¦show more content†¦because U.S. citizens were not questioned of their motives until the first American terrorist bombing. Before then Muslims were doubted, questioned, and hated for all motives whether good or not., Due Muskan Hossain to the typical thought of Muslims being the ones to bomb buildings in the U.S. many people showed hatred to all Muslims until an American terrorist, Timothy, had bombed the Federal Building in Oklahoma City., and Timothy McVeigh and John J. McNamara were both American Terrorist Bombers that were involved in major city building bombings. . Thesis Statement Model #4: Thesis with Concession and Reasons This model both makes a concession to opposing viewpoint and states the reasons/arguments for the writer s main idea. While Not all Muslims were punished by the U.S., Due to the Oklahoma City Bombing, U.S. citizens are corrected of their stereotypical thoughts towards terrorismÍ ¾ Terrorists are commonly NOT Muslims or foreign enemies. because U.S. citizens were not questioned of their motives until the first American terrorist bombing. Before then Muslims were doubted, questioned, and hated for all motives whether good or not., Due to the typical thought of Muslims being the ones to bomb buildings in the U.S. many people showed hatred to all Muslims until an American terrorist, Timothy, had bombed the Federal Building in Oklahoma City., and Timothy McVeigh and John J. McNamara were both American Terrorist Bombers that were involvedShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Terrorism And Terrorism945 Words   |  4 Pages Formal Outline Topic: Terrorism General Purpose: To Persuade Specific Purpose: To Persuade the reader that terrorism exists and that is important for the U.S to increase their security in order to decrease the terrorism in the country. 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The FBI utilizes a St rategy Management System to â€Å"improve intelligence capabilities, critical incident response effectiveness, talent and technology readiness, and other performance objectives† (FBI, 2010, para. 1). In the case of the Bureau, there are multiple mission scopes: Protect the United States from terrorist attack and foreign intelligence activity. CombatRead MoreEssay about Violence in America2573 Words   |  11 Pagesbetween came the incidents at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, and Waco, Texas, involving dubious law enforcement assaults on separatists, which led to the terrorist bombing at Oklahoma City — the single worst terrorist act in American history. Since then, law enforcement agencies have thwarted twenty-four major domestic terrorist attacks.   Shootings and bombings at abortion clinics, the slaying of abortion providers by right-wing fanatics and racial disturbances, some of which involved flagrant police brutalityRead MoreEssay on Women in Afghanistan1708 Words   |  7 PagesWomen in Afghanistan Brief Outline of Afghanistan History: 1910’s-1920’s : Reform movements in Afghanistan 1933-1973 : Some reform, country remains fairly static 1978-1992 : Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1979-1989 : Soviet Intervention 1992-1996: Islamist Mujanidin 1996-2001 : Taliban 2001-Present : U.S. Occupation, new government The reason I chose to study Islamic Feminism and Afghanistan, is that for many people, these words do not belong in the same sentence. AfghanistanRead MoreThe Principal Agent System1623 Words   |  7 PagesRefugee Act of 1980. 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Essay about Caged Bird - 650 Words

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Maya Angelou, in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, tells her story of how and when she grew up. In Arkansas at the time of Maya Angelous childhood, many things were looked upon as bad or unfavored. Mayas problem was that she was black and a woman. Her novel depicts her life in rural Stamps, Arkansas with her grandmother and in St. Louis, Missouri, where her mother resided. At the age of three Maya and her four-year old brother, Bailey, were turned over to the care of their paternal grandmother in Stamps. Southern life was filled with humiliation, violation, and displacement. These actions were exemplified for blacks by the fear of the Ku Klux Klan, racial separation of the town, and the many†¦show more content†¦She thinks she cannot be heroic like all the boys she read about in her comics, for the fact of being a girl. Being female was just as limiting for Maya as being black, and seemed to be something to struggle against rather than embrace. Maya knew that to be blac k and female is to be faced with violence and violation. In her society, blacks were no good and women were only useful for sex. Maya struggled throughout her childhood to accept her race and gender. This is brought into focus when she went to live with her mother and is raped by her mothers boyfriend. After Maya eventually reveals who did this to her, the man is killed. She believed that her own voice killed him. This childhood rape reveals the pain that African American women suffered as victims not only of racism but also sexism. She withdrew herself and vows never to speak again. Her mother feels that she has done everything in her power to make Maya talk, but she cannot reach her. She sends Maya and her brother back to Stamps. After Maya returned to Stamps, and with the help of her Teacher Ms. Flowers, she began to speak again. For the most part, though as a struggle, Mayas experiences have made her a much stronger person. African-American women, during Mayas time, faced great er troubles than a colored male would have. The society was racist and sexist as well. Maya saw this as a challenge and rose through everything, eventually becoming a successfulShow MoreRelated Maya Angelou as a Caged Bird Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou as a Caged Bird    The graduation scene from I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings illustrates how, living in the midst of racism and unequal access to opportunity, Maya Angelou was able to surmount the obstacles that stood in her way of intellectual develop and find higher ground.   One of the largest factors responsible for Angelous academic success was her dedication to and capacity for hard work, My work alone has awarded me a top place...No absences, no tardinesses, and my academicRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1482 Words   |  6 Pages Maya Angelou tells of her life experiences and struggles in her book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† that gives us insight about Maya’s life as a young black girl growing up in a time of racism. The novel discusses various forms of oppression that she had to face as well cope with them. Robert A. Gross wrote an analysis for Newsweek about the book and claimed that Angelou’s book is not only an interesting story of her ow n experience, but also a portrayal of a Southern black communityRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1555 Words   |  7 Pages28th of May 2014, she was an Activist, acclaimed American poet, storyteller and autobiographer. However, all her accomplishments were born out of abuse, violence, neglect and pain, that she wrote about in her autobiographical novel, I know why the caged bird sings which was published in 1969. In the book, she wrote not only about the conflicts that plagued her for much of her life but also how the role they played in her life. Particular problem areas discussed include, the difficulties she experiencedRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings948 Words   |  4 Pagesis a poet and award-winning author known for her acclaimed memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and her many poetry and essay collections. So many things happen to Maya Angelou but she was amazing and a brave woman too not everyone would be same after what happen to her. Maya Angelou has be come the most amazing singer, dancer, actress, poet and writer she is even an author of autobiography â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† a book that tells the things that setback and helped Maya to be who she isRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1445 Words   |  6 PagesPresentation I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a self-portraying record of Maya Angelou that shows how cherish for writing and having a solid character can assume a huge part in conquering bigotry and misery. Throughout the story, it is clear that Maya changes from being a setback of bigotry to end up distinctly a young lady with self-nobility and character that helps her to conquer partiality. The setting of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings concentrates on the issues connected with bigotry thatRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1126 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou was a gifted woman with one of the greatest voices of African American literature. Previously known as Marguerite Johnson, she was one of the most important women of our time. She was best known for her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Not only was Maya Angelou able to overcome all the racial discriminations and interferences that she endured growing up, she was also able to prove to many people what a successful African American author and activist she was. She was a womanRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings2695 Words   |  11 Pages I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings According to Willard Scott, â€Å"Positive Feelings come from being honest about yourself and accepting your personality, and physical characteristics, warts and all; and, from belonging to a family that accepts you without question.† Maya Angelou illustrates this in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, an autobiography on herself. It illustrates Maya Angelou’s struggles of accepting herself because of some cruel experiences in her life. Maya was an African American girlRead MoreEssay on I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1319 Words   |  6 Pagesseems to care much more about her than her father did. Thesis Statement: Maya Angelou faces many hardships, yet manages to overcome them all, in her autobiography, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.† Maya Angelou faces many hardships, yet manages to overcome them all, in her autobiography, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.† Maya is a strong willed, often stubborn, outgoing, somewhat outspoken, and rather intelligent girl. She becomes very tolerant due to some of her experiences. She also maturesRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagesviews. She is one of the few recognisable civil rights activist working right beside Martin Luther Jr and many other leaders including presidents. Working in the Reagan and Bush ad ministry. She wrought a best-selling auto biography â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings†. Trough-out her legacy she continuously created poems promoting civil rights from her personal and social views. â€Å"still I rise â€Å"is one of her earlier working but is still consider one of the greatest poems on discussing the social views atRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings2495 Words   |  10 PagesIn the memoir, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou presents the theme: coming of age. This theme is shown throughout the book many times, espec ially when something big happens to her, changing the way that she reacts to things and the way that she sees things. Another way that this theme is shown throughout the book is the way that she words things in the beginning, vs the way that she words things in the end. The change in her writing style and her language shows this. Not only was she

Mexico the Yucatan Peninsula Free Essays

Mexico: The Yucatan Peninsula The Yucatan Peninsula is located in southeastern Mexico, which separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico, on the northern coastline on the Yucatan Channel. The Yucatan Peninsula lies east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northwestern geographic divider separating the region of Central America from the rest of North America. The Yucatan Peninsula comprises of the Mexican states of Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintana Roo; the northern part Belize; and Guatemala’s northern subdivision of El Peten. We will write a custom essay sample on Mexico: the Yucatan Peninsula or any similar topic only for you Order Now Geology The peninsula is the exposed part of the large Yucatan Platform. The Yucatan Peninsula is an unconfined flat lying erosion landscape. Sinkholes, locally called cenotes are widespread in the northern lowlands. According to the Alvarez hypothesis, the mass extinction of the dinosaurs at the transition from the Cretaceous (K) to the Tertiary (T) Periods (the K-T Boundary) 65 million years ago was caused by an asteroid impact somewhere in the Caribbean Basin. The deeply buried Chicxulub Crater is centered off the north coast of the peninsula near the town of Chicxulub. The now-famous â€Å"Ring of Cenotes† outlines one of the shock-waves from this impact event in the rock of ~65 millions years of age, The presence of the crater has been determined first on the surface from the Ring of Cenotes, but also by geophysical methods, and direct drilling with recovery of the drill cores. Water resources Due to the extreme erosion nature of the whole peninsula, the northern half barely consists of any rivers. Where lakes and swamps are present, the water is marshy and is not suitable for drinking water. The thousands of sinkholes, locally called Cenotes throughout the region provide access to the groundwater system, and the cenotes have long been relied on by ancient and contemporary Mayan people. Vegetation The short and tall tropical jungles are the predominant natural vegetation types of the Yucatan Peninsula. The boundaries between northern Guatemala (El Peten), Mexico (Campeche and Quintana Roo), and western Belize are still occupied by the largest continuous tracts of tropical rainforest in Central America. However, these forests are suffering extensive deforestation. Etymology There is a popular myth that the name Yucatan comes from the Yucatec Maya phrase for â€Å"listen how they speak,† or â€Å"I don’t understand your words† — supposedly said by contact period Maya, when the first Spanish explorers asked, what the area was called. The proper derivation of the word Yucatan is widely debated. However, it is also claimed that the actual source of the name â€Å"Yucatan† is the Nahuatl (Aztec) word Yokatlan, â€Å"place of richness. † People The Yucatan Peninsula comprises a significant proportion of the ancient Maya Lowlands. There are many Mayan archaeological sites throughout the peninsula; some of the better-known sites are in Chichen Itza, Tulum and Uxmal. Indigenous Mayans and Mestizos of partial Mayan descent still make up a sizable portion of the region’s population, and Mayan languages are still widely spoken there. Economy In the late historic and early modern eras, the Yucatan Peninsula was largely a cattle ranching, logging, chicle and henequen production area. Since the 1970’s, the Yucatan Peninsula has fixed its economy towards tourism, especially in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. Once a small fishing village, Cancun in the northeast of the peninsula has grown into a thriving city. The Riviera Maya, which stretches along the east coast of the peninsula between Cancun and Tulum, houses over 50,000 beds and is visited by millions of tourists every year. The best-known locations are the former fishing town of Playa del Carmen, the ecological parks Xcaret and Xel-Ha and the Mayan ruins of Tulum and Coba. Climate Like much of the Caribbean, the Yucatan Peninsula lies within the Atlantic Hurricane Belt, and with its almost uniformly flat terrain, it is vulnerable to these large storms coming from the east. The 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season was a particularly bad season for Mexico’s tourism industry, with two forceful category 5 storms hitting, Hurricane Emily and Hurricane Wilma. The 2006 Atlantic Hurricane Season was a typical year which left the Yucatan untouched, but in the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane Season Yucatan was hit by the Hurricane Dean (which is also a category 5 storm); nevertheless Hurricane Dean left little damage on the peninsula despite heavy localized flooding. Strong storms called nortes can quickly descend on the Yucatan Peninsula any time of year. Although these storms pummel the area with heavy rains and high winds, they tend to be short-lived, clearing after about an hour. The average percentage of days with rain per month ranges from a monthly low of 7% in April to a high of 25% in October. Breezes can have a cooling effect; humidity is generally high, particularly in the remaining rainforest areas. Bibliography â€Å"Beautiful Underground Lakes Rivers. † Wonderfulinfo. com. 5 January 2010. http://www. wonderfulinfo. com/photos/underground/ â€Å"Climate and Weather of Mexico. † yahoo. answers. com. 26 Sept 2009. http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20090419162859AAZ2D7m. crumb=eYF8u9vJN5s â€Å"Mapas de Mexico. † Mexicoadventourist. com. 5 January 2010. http://www. mexicoadventourist. com/Mapas/YucatanMap. jpg â€Å"Mexico’s Government. † Viva Mexico. 2 October 2009. http://staff. esuhsd. org/balochie/studentprojects/mexico/MexGovernment. html Parfit, Michael, â€Å"Yucatan Pe ninsula,† National Geographic. Aug 1996. 108-113. â€Å"Sunset over the Yucatan. † flickr. com/photos/afagen/. 5 January 2010. http://www. flickr. com/photos/afagen/2262221520/ The World And Its People. â€Å"Mexico – The Land Yucatan†. New York. Greystone Press. 1964. 34-35. â€Å"The World Factbook – Mexico. † CIA the World Factbook, 10 Sept 2009. ttp://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_mx. html â€Å"Yucatani iguanaleso naplo. † atjeffs. blog. hu/2008. 5 January 2010. http://m. blog. hu/at/atjeffs/image/Yucatan_peninsula_250m. jpg â€Å"Yucatan Sunset. † flickr. com/photos/bjkresearch/. 5 January 2010. http://www. flickr. com/photos/bjkresearch/183792616/ â€Å"Yucatan Peninsula Sunset. † flickr. com/photos/kevmac66/. 5 January 2010. http://www. flickr. com/photos/kevmac66/3495944443/ â€Å"Yucatan Peninsula Resort. † Alwaysonvacation. com. 5 January 2010. http://www. alw aysonvacation. com/LSS/images/29225/YucatanPeninsula3BedroomsSle How to cite Mexico: the Yucatan Peninsula, Essay examples

Child Labor Laws in Nineteenth Century England free essay sample

This is a research paper based on Child Labor laws in 19th century England the working and living conditions of children then compared to now. This paper covers the evolution of child labor laws from 19th Century England through the present. The author discusses harsh working conditions endured and injuries suffered by children. Cited are specific pieces of legislation and non-profit campaigns aimed at stopping the phenomenon. Child labor in 19th century England was a shameful practice that many of us never look back on. The displaced working classes took it for granted that a family would not be able to support itself if the children were not employed. Therefore, children as young as five years old were working 12 hour shifts for less then 20 dollars a day. The conditions in which these children worked were below standards. It was a long and deadly fight to regulated child labor laws in England during the 19th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Labor Laws in Nineteenth Century England or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today many of us take for granted the regulations on child labor; we act as if this is how it has been since the beginning. What we do not realize is how much child labor has progressed since the 19th century. Three hundred years may sound like a long time but when you consider how life was for a child then and compare it to a childs life today, I think youll begin to come to a better understanding of exactly what we have gone through to get where we are today.

Aluminum Alloy And Selective Laser Melting -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Aluminum Alloy And Selective Laser Melting? Answer: Introduction Over the years previous, the 3d that is also known as the fabrication of the substance has led to the increase of the interest that will complicate it in the industry and the scholarly. more had been done on the AM innovation with the result distribution that includes the ISO and the ASTM guideline survey papers, books unique AM diaries and report guides.in contradiction to the normal assembling approaches, am gives the geometry without misuse of the materials and increasing the cost.in most metals, the system of the AM that is the specific laser liquefying has been the commonly used mostly and this can link to the general application ranges that is from 3D to mechanical design with the low volume me. in the selective laser melting a tiny portion of the metal powder is then dispersed at first, and the melting will be specifically done laser shaft within the environment. Similarly, in the examination of one layer, that stage has to be stopped by that one layer thickness and the powder is to be spread on the upper part of the metals(Gu, 2012). Literature review In most of the work had indicated that the aluminium alloy processing by the selective laser melting has been so cumbersome, by this the production of understandable components is done under high laser power of about 130w to 150w and with laser scanning speed that is slow. Most of the selective laser melting machine has higher power but that of the laser power is greater than it thus a significant factor.by combining the higher power and the reduction of the speed leads to melting thus forming a pool of the melted products that become very difficult to control. This will eventually lead to the balling of the melt and the power distribution system might be damaged. With the increase in power and reduction of the scanning speed, there will be the increase in the built time and cost of manufacturing(LEVY, 2009). Additive manufacturing This is a process by which the metal layers are joined together to form a CAD model through the building of objects, this done by combining several layers together. This process is also known as the standard tessellation language, where the shapes of the materials and the size of the components are defined. The data files are slice into the single layers by the software thus the additive manufacturing receives it as the instructions. The technology of the additive manufacturing uses the material in powder form. When the components have been manufactured, several activities have to take place e.g. it has to be polished, filled, cured, or painted with regards to the materials used(Kumar, 2006). Advantages of the additive manufacturing It is important as it uses small extraneous components to produce portions of the object thus an efficient process which reduces the waste during the manufacturing. By using less material during production this method reduces the steps of production thus reducing the amount of the energy consumed(Kumar, 2006). This method of production involves less waste thus the materials being used is not wasted during the manufacturing process thus an environmentally friendly process. This technique allows the producers to create a prototype. This will eventually save time, in times of production and development thus reducing the requirements during production leading to the use of few tools. With the reduction of the instructors, moulding and the required tools there will be the reduction in the cost of the manufacturing. The additive manufacturing technique allows for the innovation of the designs. The modifications of the design can be done anytime without extra cost. This technique can help in the reduction of the design complexity. The manufacturing using this traditional method can also be simply modified by this method(Murr, 2011). Application of the additive manufacturing The automotive industries require the development of new products. Since the development of the new products are very costly the industry has resorted to the use of the additive manufacturing technique in the designing and to develop automotive materials, the structure and the functioning parts of the components like the gearbox, drive shaft, drive shaft of the vehicle, and wheels(Kumar, 2006). Biomedical applications The additive manufacturing is a process that saves the life in the medical industry. The expansion of the applications of the additive manufacturing technology in the industry brought about by the development of the biologic science, biomaterials, and biomedicine has improved the use of this technology in the industry. The area of applications is, in the dental application, painted organs and in the bioprinting. Electronics industry Since the electronic products are reduced in terms of size and needs a high precision tool for the production, the industry uses this technology for the manufacturing of such products.it is also applied in the manufacturing of the embedded electronics, as it exists in the embedded frequency identification and object made of metals(Qian, 2015). Selective laser melting -materials, process parameters This is additive manufacturing new technology that comes up in the 1981 and has been consistently developed through different research.it began by 3D CAD file data being sliced into layers that lead to the formation of an image of layers of 2D in every layer. The files of the sliced data intern passed to the software package. The parameters, values and the report are then designed by the software. AM machine then is allowed to build the file in SLM. In the selective laser melting a tiny portion of the metal powder is then dispersed at first, and the melting will be specifically done laser shaft within the environment(Gu, 2012). Similarly, in the examination of one layer, that stage has to be stopped by that one layer thickness and the powder is to be spread on the upper part of the metals. The soft covering and the combination of the layers in the process are made together to form tough 3-D section. Process Parameters in SLM The parameter that influences the proper being of the selective laser melting is numerous.one can, therefore, understand this parameter by doing a correct analysis of these parameters, hence obtain the appropriate mechanisms in the designing process. The selective laser melting is required a larger number of parameter that affects the productivity of the last product. Some of the parameters the influences the process are, laser beam, the speed of scanning, the spacing of the hatch, properties of the powder, the thickness of the layer and chamber temperature. Scanning pattern: this is an important parameter to the process. This where the hatches are arranged in a proper way among the layers. The patterns can be moved in different ways depending the originality of the designer. The patterns are repeated in every layer regardless of the scanning. Laser power, scanning speed and density of the speed: the determination of other parameters of the process is based on the selection of the laser powder which is related to the size of the focus of the laser spot. The optimization of the energy density depends on the fine parameter turning, quality and the properties of the parameter that are involved in the process. The density of the energy is the ratio of the average energy applied to the volume of the material. This will eventually influence the last part of the process(Chen, 2011). Where P=Laser power (W), V=scan speed (mm/s). Size, the shape of the powder and distribution of particles: the distribution of the particles, shape and size of the powder plays an important part of the process. The distribution of the size particles refers to the amount of particle according to their ranges of the size. This is important as it gives the ratio of the bigger particles to that of the smaller particles, hence determines the rate of flow of the particles.in the selective laser technique, the layer thickness is to be smaller and the size of the grain should not be larger than the thickness of the layer. This can also influence the flow of the particle hence affect the SLM process. Temperature: in the building chamber, the temperature inside can consequently affect the process of selective laser melting. This must be accurately managed to obtain the desired outcome. The selection of this temperature will depend on the materials used in the processing. For the best outcome, the temperature should be high and distributed uniformly. Atmosphere: with the higher temperature and being of the oxygen in processing chamber may lead to oxidation.to correct this the environment should be protected to avoid decarburization hence reducing the toughness of the components. This will influence the mechanical property e.g. Ductility. With the presence of oxygen in the chamber, there will be the influence of the final product of the processing. But with the lowering of the temperature, there with be the rise in carbon ii oxide formation which is attached to the metals that are solidifying hence creating the bubbles of the gas. Some recommended gases can be used to limit the amount of oxygen gas in the chamber e.g. argon, helium and nitrogen(Murr, 2011). Porosity characterization This is one of the most important parameters that influence the reliability and the execution of the metals part during the processing. Several methods have been used to determine the measurement of the portion in terms of its volume and the dispersion of the porosity inside the fabricated substance ALSi10Mg.an example is water relocation technique, 2D SEM, and 3DXbeam microtomography. Results and discussion At high amplification, the accelerated inter metallic stages are on the are on the powder surface.in the examination of the EDS spot between the metals give a breakdown Mg mass to about 12% that remains close but somehow less than 16% of AL18Fe7Si10 phase. The reason for Mg focus that is lower in the small analysis is that the measurement of the metals compared with electron collaboration volume. The general building of the examination can be added due to the moderate decrease in the Mg focus. This will, in turn, reduce the focus to a particular degree. The powder particles comprise certain pores. With this, there can be an influence on the part of the final product. The spreading conduct of the powder can also be influenced by the satellites. The estimation of the molecules that were found divided by the dendrite arm from a normal pattern. The dendrite arm that is optional dividing changed from (0.4 to 4) for the measurements of the molecules was from (4 to 140). Conclusion: The dissolution of the size of the pool and the rate of the cooling can be effectively seen in the Rosenthal condition. The microstructure of the selective laser melting and the powder gas that is atomized used by the selective laser melting is in conjunction with the connection between the rate of cooling and the hardening size of the microstructure in light conventional aluminium silicon compounds. AL2O3 contains oxides that are staying separated imperfection in relation to the pores is built by the selective laser melting(Kumar, 2006). Even though some melt pool is not predictable we can simply conclude that the width of the melt pool, its depth and the height might increase with laser power, but with speed of the scanning it decreases and for the density of the energy it increases. The hardness of the component is seen as the result of the laser energy density. The surface roughness also has the significant role in the melt pool as uneven surface lead to the larger amount of the balling effects. Also, lower powder and a fast scan can also lead very low energy. A lot of Small individuals balls are formed at high energy as at this point long lifetime of the excessive pool with low velocity is seen. Due to the fluctuations in the speed of the scanning the melt pool of the powder case is bigger and rounded at the beginning and at the final stage while at the end there is no melt pool formation and the melt pool of no powder case is narrow and rounded at the start(LEVY, 2009). References. Dink, W., 2012. laser additive manufacturing of metallic components. WASHINGTON: internal material. Gibson, B., 2014. Additive Manufacturing. Brisbane: Springer. LEVY, K., 2003. effects of laser scan speed on porosity and dimensional change of the selective laser melting components. NEW YORK: Annals-manufacturing technology. Ian, D., 2006. Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing. New York: Sydney: Springer. Kelly, R., 2011. How the Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the economy and the world. Melbourne: St. Martin's Press. LEE, L., 2011. microstructure and mechanical behaviour. London: CRC Press. Corda, S., 2017. LASERS. 2nd ed. Carlisle: John Wiley Sons, Corke, C., 2008. laser technology. 4th ed. New York: Prentice-Hall, Corolla, D., 2015. Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering. 4th ed. Westminster: John Wiley Sons. Murali, L., 2015. selective laser. 3rd ed. New York: University of Waterloo. Filippone, A., 2007. aluminium. 5th ed. New York: Elsevier, Johnson, J., 2012. additive manufacturing aluminium. 4th ed. New York: Cengage Learning, Parr, A., 2011. Hydraulics and Pneumatics: A Technician's and Engineer's Guide. 4th ed. Carlisle: Elsevier, Pascoe, D., 2013. additive manufacturing. 2nd ed. Chicago: Reaktion Books. Russell, J., 2010. Performance and Stability of laser scan speed. 2nd ed. Carlisle: Butterworth-Heinemann. Schmidt, L., 2008. Introduction to laser effects. 1st ed. Chicago: AIAA. Tischler, B., 2009. Advances In Aluminium technology. 3rd ed. Chicago: CRC Press. Qian, M., 2015. The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral power is transforming energy. Brisbane: Elsevier Science.

To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee and The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Essay Example For Students

To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee and The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Essay Childhood should be a time of great learning, curiosity, joy, playfulness and guiltlessness. The reality is that it can be a time of extreme vulnerability and dependency. The innocence and fragility of a child is easily manipulated and abused if not nurtured and developed. Family relationships are crucial in the flourishing of young minds, but other childhood associations are important too. These include school life, friends, play and peer-group. Both novels portray these factors and their effects on the character formation of their subjects, to some extent and, show that growing up can be a painful process greatly accelerated by the events that the children encounter. Scout and Jem are the daughter and son of Atticus Finch, a widowed lawyer based in Maycomb, twenty miles from Finchs Landing the family plot. They are a white, middle class family who have a black cook/housekeeper. Their story is written in To Kill a Mocking Bird, which was published in 1960. Its author, Harper Lee, was a white woman who incorporated many of her own childhood experiences into the book. We will write a custom essay on To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee and The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now She too came from a small, sleepy town in Alabama, her own father was a lawyer and her childhood friend was Trueman Capote, from whom she drew inspiration for Scout and Jems friend Dill. Perhaps the most influential of the events that occurred during Lees childhood was the Scottsboro Trials, where nine innocent young black men were accused of raping two white women. This was undoubtedly the inspiration for the climax of the novel, the rape trial of Tom Robinson. Lee wrote the novel in the late 1950s at the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement in America. It was a time of great racial tension and trouble. Over a decade later Toni Morrison, a black woman, published her novel The Bluest Eye. By this time the Civil Rights movement had affected great advances in the freedom granted to black people, but discrimination was still widespread. The popular culture of the time was seen to uphold a standard for female beauty, which was white, blond haired, and blue eyed. This of course precluded all black women and was the cause of the formation of the Black Pride movement. Morrison remembered an incident from her childhood, when one of her school friends said she wanted blue eyes. She couldnt, at the time, understand why her friend did not see herself as beautiful, but when she had grown up it became clear. Her friend had learnt racial self-loathing from an early age. This was to be the major theme of Morrisons novel. It has a similar small town setting to that of To Kill a Mocking Bird. Lorain, Ohio (Morrisons hometown), still struggled at the end of the depression, when money and jobs were scarce. In contrast to Lees novel though, its main protagonists the MacTeer and Breedlove families are poor and black and are trying to survive in any way they can. While Scout and Jems father Atticus has a good job and they live in a nice house, Frieda and Claudia MacTeer and their friend Pecola Breedlove, the central characters in The Bluest Eye, live somewhat differently. Claudia describes their home: Our house is old, cold, and green. At night a kerosene lamp lights one large room. The others are braced in darkness, peopled by roaches and mice. (The Bluest Eye, P. 5) Morrison impresses on the reader from the outset how the children were affected by their surroundings. She introduces a dark, almost menacing tone that permeates the book. In contrast, Lees novel, despite also being set in a depression and featuring prejudice and gross injustice, is much lighter in mood, more sanguine in tone. Describing her town and its slow pace Scout comments: There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County. But it was a time of vague optimism for some of the people (To Kill a Mocking Bird, P. 6) The narrator in each of the novels is a female, nine-year-old child, who is also a character in the book. Morrison has chosen Claudia MacTeer, one of the witnesses to Pecolas plight, as the first person narrator of the novel. This would have enabled her to show, from the childs point of view, how their lives were impacted by the devaluing of their self-esteem by the harmful concept of believing the popular view of what was beautiful, and the rape of Pecola. Lee uses Scout Finch as her narrator and she too is written in the first person. This gives the reader an inside view of unfolding events in the novels, as Claudia and Scout appear to address you directly. The children in each book are introduced in vastly different ways. Claudia is grown up and remembering back to her childhood and the nai ve thinking of her sister Frieda and herself. Quiet as its kept, there were no marigolds in the fall of 1941. We thought, at the time, that it was because Pecola was having her fathers baby that the marigolds did not grow. (The Bluest Eye, P3) These opening sentences are shocking and alert the reader to the fact that a serious case of incestuous child abuse has taken place. The oppression of children is one of the themes Morrison deals with. Claudia continues: We had dropped our seeds in our own little plot of black dirt just as Pecolas father had dropped his seeds in his own plot of black dirt. (The Bluest Eye, P3) With these words the second of Morrisons major themes was established, that of internalised racism, i. e. how a race would begin to believe the stereotypes about themselves and imagine that their fair skinned neighbours are superior to them in beauty, morality or intelligence. By indirectly calling her black dirt, Morrison was showing us what Pecola thought of herself. In contrast to this harrowing opening to her novel, Harper Lee introduces Scout and Jem in a lighter, chatty, and informal way. Nevertheless, she does refer indirectly to a frightening experience when Bob Ewell, the father of the girl who had accused Tom Robinson of rape, physically attacked both of them. When he was nearly thirteen my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow. When it healed, and Jems fears of never being able to play football were assuaged, he was seldom self-conscious about his injury. (To Kill a Mocking Bird, P. ) It is interesting to note that both novels begin with a memory from childhood referring to a dreadful time and show the long-term effects this can have on the lives of those involved. Pecolas pregnancy predominates Claudias early childhood memories, whilst Scout remembers the time when Jem suffered a broken arm and all the connotations that brought. As the main characters in these novels are children, it is understandable that the dominant parental figure is going to be the mother and this is the case for Claudia and Frieda. .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 , .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 .postImageUrl , .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 , .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153:hover , .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153:visited , .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153:active { border:0!important; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153:active , .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153 .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc5c8dee4f6481297c8f9b7a705bd153:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bluest Eye EssayTheir father is within the family circle, but is portrayed as distant from the children. Similarly, the main parental interaction with Pecola and Sammy in the Breedlove household is from Pauline Breedlove. Cholly, their father, is a dominating force in the family, but in a more menacing way and he takes little to do with the children having no example to follow himself, as his own father had abandoned his mother. The Finch family, by contrast, is led by Atticus because the childrens mother is dead. He is the lynchpin of the family and most of the childrens experiences are shaped and guided by him. It is not clear why Lee does not include a mother figure, but certainly their black cook Calpurnia adds richness to the story and is an influential character for Scout and Jem. Just as the family hierarchies are different, the interaction between the parents and the children are as well. We learn early in The Bluest Eye the kind of relationship Claudia and Frieda have with their parents. Claudia comments that: Adults do not talk to us they give us directions. They issue orders without providing information. When we trip and fall down they glance at us; if we cut or bruise ourselves, they ask us are we crazy. When we catch colds, they shake their heads in disgust at our lack of consideration. How they ask us, do you expect anybody to get anything done if you all are sick? (The Bluest Eye, P5/6) Is this really as cold and unfeeling as it sounds? Their parents were burdened down with worries about money for food and the basic survival of the family. This spilled over into their dealings with the girls, which was almost detached giving the children no voice. Certainly it had a major effect on Claudia and Frieda. When Pecola takes her period while staying at the MacTeers house, they try to deal with it themselves instead of going to Mrs MacTeer. When Claudia gets a chest infection she says, No-one speaks to me or asks me how I am. When she vomits over the bed and her mother complains that she didnt try to avoid the bedclothes, she remarks: My mothers anger humiliates me; her words chafe my cheeks, and I am crying. I do not know that she is not angry at me, but at my sickness. I believe she despises my weakness for letting the sickness take holt. By and by I will not get sick; I will refuse to. But for now I am crying. (The Bluest Eye, P7) In retrospect Claudia as narrator realises that whilst the experience may have been painful at the time, the care her mother gave her served to show her that she was loved and her abiding memory of that time was a positive one. So when I think of autumn, I think of somebody with hands who does not want me to die. (The Bluest Eye, P. 7) Interestingly, when she is reminiscing she refers to her mother as somebody, with perhaps the same kind of detached affection she had been raised with. Although their relationship with their father was distant, he reacted immediately on hearing that the lodger Mr Henry had abused Frieda. He beats her abuser up and actually shoots at him. Distressing and confusing as this experience was, (she heard someone say she was ruined but did not know what this meant, it showed Frieda that she was protected and cared for. Scout and Jem have a warmer more interactive relationship with their father. Scout tells us: Jem and I found our father satisfactory: he played with us, read to us, and treated us with courteous detachment. (To Kill a Mocking Bird, P. ) After reading the novel it is hard to agree that Atticus treated the children with courteous detachment. Unlike the MacTeer parents, he talks to his children giving them a forum to air their views and build close relationships and also allaying their fears and worries when necessary. Scout and Jem would run to meet their father every night as he walked home from work and he would lift his daughter on to his shoulders and carry her home in this way. Would a detached father allow his daughter to sit on his lap every night while he reads the paper as Atticus did? Scout reminises: I could not remember when the lines above Atticuss moving finger separated into words, but I had stared at them all the evenings in my memory when I crawled into his lap every night. (To Kill a Mocking Bird, P. 19/20) Undoubtedly the most destructive relationships from either novel are dealt with in the Breedlove family. Both parents abused their children in one form or another, be it mental cruelty or physical and, ultimately sexual abuse. They also abused each other. The relationship between Pauline and Cholly, which began well, became a violent one. Cholly and Mrs Breedlove fought each other with a darkly brutal formalism, that was paralleled only by their lovemaking. Tacitly they had agreed not to kill each other. (The Bluest Eye, P. 32) The effects of this fighting left Pecola fearful and withdrawn and she prayed that she might disappear. Apart from the introduction to the book, we first meet Pecola when she is placed in the MacTeer household because her father had burned their house down and the family had nowhere to go. Pauline Breedlove thought of Pecola as an ugly child and the behaviour she demonstrated towards her was a reflection of this. She described her thus: A cross between a puppy and a dying man. But I knowed she was ugly. Head full of pretty hair, but Lord she was ugly. (The Bluest Eye, P. 97/98) The one relationship that should have nurtured Pecola, instead left her feeling insecure and unloved. She grew up believing she was unlovable and as everyone seemed to cherish blue eyed, blonde haired girls, she started to dream of having the blue eyes that would help people to love her. The damage done to her self-esteem was reinforced powerfully by an incident in Pauline Breedloves workplace. Pecola had to go to the house were her mother was housekeeper to collect some washing. The daughter of that comfortable home was blonde with blue eyes and Pauline doted on her. When Pecola accidentally spilled a berry cobbler on the floor, burning her legs in the process, her mother reacted violently: In one gallop she was on Pecola, and with the back of her hand knocked her to the floor. Pecola slid in the pie juice, one leg folding under her. Mrs Breedlove yanked her up by the arm, slapped her again, and in a voice thin with anger, abused Pecola directly (The Bluest Eye, P. 84) But perhaps the worst thing about the whole incident was that as Pecola, Frieda and Claudia walked away they could hear Pauline console and comfort the pretty little white girl. The attitude of Calpurnia, the black cook in Lees novel is very different from Pauline Breedlove. She has not favour them because of the colour of their skin and has no hesitation in doling out discipline to Scout and Jem when necessary, with the full trust and backing of Atticus. Harper Lee has purposefully written this character as an intelligent and self assured black woman who knows her own worth as a person. .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f , .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f .postImageUrl , .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f , .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f:hover , .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f:visited , .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f:active { border:0!important; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f:active , .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5d3837efce72ac023cfbc4192eee212f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poem 'February 17th' EssayLater in a reflective moment Pauline said she loved the children but that: Sometimes Id catch myself hollering at them and beating them, and Id feel sorry for them, but I couldnt seem to stop. (The Bluest Eye, P. 96) Pecola herself gives us a hint of the sexual abuse to come when she is walking home from school with Claudia, Frieda and Maureen. The latter asks her if she has ever seen a naked man. Pecola is described as agitated and says: Nobodys father would be naked in front of his own daughter. Not unless he was dirty too. (The Bluest Eye, P. 55) Maureen had not mentioned her father, so obviously something had been happening at home that is only hinted at. Her eventual rape by Cholly, disbelief from her mother and the resulting pregnancy and loss of the baby are what tip Pecola over the edge into madness. She goes to see a local healer and requests blue eyes and she believes him when he tells her that her wish has been granted. Her only resistance to the abuse she has suffered has been to withdraw from a terrifying world into one of her own making. The very adults who should have been her protectors failed this poor, powerless little girl in every respect. To get her message across, Morrison has taken Pecolas story to an extreme conclusion. One of the interesting contrasts between the novels is that The Bluest Eye is notable for its complete absence of humour, fun and play in its main characters. This absence of the most basic of childhood pleasures is stark. No doubt this was a deliberate omission on the part of Morrison to add to the tragic mood of the book. The elements of play are mentioned, for example, at Christmas Claudia describes getting a doll. However, this is used to show how subtly the standard of beauty was impressed onto the minds of black children from very young. All the dolls were white and had blue eyes. Claudia was able to resist this indoctrination but other children, like Pecola, obviously could not. The result is that the novel could not be termed as an easy read and is quite depressing. On the contrary, Harper Lee paints a very normal picture of childhood. Scout, Jem and their friend Dill are regularly described as acting out characters from books they have read, playing football or just reading. The elements of play are mentioned in the novel too, Jem buys a twirling baton for Scout and a miniature steam engine for himself. The language used by the characters in the books is another major difference. Claudia, Frieda and Pecola speak in dialect, which reinforces their colour and to a certain extent their poverty. By contrast Scout and Jem are very literate children whose diction is very precise, having being brought up on proper and concise language from babies. Jem and I were accustomed to our fathers last-will-and-testament diction, and we were at all times free to interrupt Atticus for a translation when it was beyond our understanding. (To Kill a Mocking Bird, P. 35) A point to note is that it is easier for Atticus to place importance on a good standard of education than it is for the MacTeers or the Breedloves, because he has been able to provide Scout and Jem their basic needs. ) One of the most notable characters in terms of diction in Lees novel is Calpurnia. She is atypical of the black person in both books. Lee does not write her in dialect until she visits her home church, where she reverts to it. This puzzles Scout and Jem and they quiz her on this. Her answer is illuminating: Suppose you and Scout talked coloured-folks talk at home itd be out of place, wouldnt it? Now what if I talked white-folks talk at church, and with my neighbours? Theyd think I was puttin on airs to beat Moses. (To Kill a Mocking Bird, P. 139) Lee is making the point that speaking in dialect does not mean that a black person is less intelligent. Calpurnia chooses how to speak to suit the company she is with. Another notable difference in the novels is the influence that other adults have on the children. The children of Morrisons book have no real verbal interaction with any adult other than their own parents and as we have already seen, these are scant indeed. Other adults are mentioned, for example the shopkeeper who sells Pecola sweets and the mother of a boy from her school, but their attitudes only serve to denigrate this little girl. Lees novel has incorporated a rich variety of adult life that regularly interact with Scout and Jem, from Mrs Dubose, the terminally ill old woman to Miss Maudie the neighbour who serves as a confidant to Scout. These all, in their own way, serve to develop the thinking and morality of the children. The absence of this role in The Bluest Eye seems to emphasise the vulnerability and powerlessness in its characters. The novels The Bluest Eye and To Kill a Mocking Bird could be described as social novels as they deal with issues, which were exceedingly relevant to what was happening in society as a whole, and both authors wanted to comment on that. They also dealt with the more vulnerable in society, the children. Toni Morrison tells us in the Afterword to the book that her aim was to address the issue of racial self-loathing and she chose the weakest member of society, a little black girl, to portray this. She is successful at achieving her aim, writing a gritty and disturbing story, which is depressingly sad to read and very tragic, but extremely powerful because of that. She doesnt present a balanced view of childhood, i. e. her lack of play is almost total in the book, but I believe she does this deliberately in order to get her stark message across. In contrast, Harper Lees novel tells a different story, from a white perspective and easier circumstances. She portrays childhood in a more balanced, and easy to read way. The character of the narrator Scout is infused with wit and humour and she paints pictures of lazy summer days at play, while still managing to deal with the rape trial and its aftermath. Her characters develop throughout the novel by a series of moralistic encounters with neighbours and family, until by the end of the novel Scout realises that they have learnt so much and remarks: As I made my way home, I though Jem and I would get grown but there wasnt much else left for us to learn, except possibly algebra. (To Kill a Mocking Bird, P308) Lee certainly gets her point across but does so in a gentler, less harrowing way.